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+% *** en embryo of a technical report describing the labcomm design rationale and implementation ***
+
+\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
+%\usepackage{verbatims}
+%\usepackage{todo}
+
+\begin{document}
+\title{Labcomm tech report}
+\author{Anders Blomdell and Sven Gesteg\aa{}rd Robertz }
+\date{embryo of draft, \today}
+
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+
+LabComm is a binary protocol suitable for transmitting and storing samples of
+process data. It is self-describing and independent of programming language,
+processor, and network used (e.g., byte order, etc). It is primarily intended
+for situations where the overhead of communication has to be kept at a minimum,
+hence LabComm only requires one-way communication to operate. The one-way
+operation also has the added benefit of making LabComm suitable as a storage
+format.
+
+LabComm provides self-describing channels, as communication starts with the
+transmission of an encoded description of all possible sample types that can
+occur, followed by any number of actual samples in any order the sending
+application sees fit.
+
+The LabComm system is based on a binary protocol and
+and a compiler that generates encoder/decoder routines for popular languages
+including C, Java, and Python.
+
+The LabComm compiler accepts type and sample declarations in a small language
+that is similar to C or Java type-declarations.
+\end{abstract}
+\section{Introduction}
+
+%[[http://rfc.net/rfc1057.html|Sun RPC]]
+%[[http://asn1.org|ASN1]].
+
+LabComm has got it's inspiration from Sun RPC~\cite{SunRPC}
+and ASN1~\cite{ANS1}. LabComm is primarily intended for situations
+where the overhead of communication has to be kept at a minimum, hence LabComm
+only requires one-way communication to operate. The one-way operation also has
+the added benefit of making LabComm suitable as a storage format.
+
+\section{Communication model}
+
+LabComm provides self-describing communication channels, by always transmitting
+a machine readable description of the data before actual data is sent.
+Therefore, communication on a LabComm channel has two phases
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item the transmission of signatures (an encoded description including data
+types and names, see appendix~\ref{sec:ProtocolGrammar} for details) for all sample types
+that can be sent on the channel
+\item the transmission of any number of actual samples in any order
+\end{enumerate}
+
+During operation, LabComm will ensure (i.e., monitor) that a communication
+channel is fully configured, meaning that both ends agree on what messages that
+may be passed over that channel. If an unregistered sample type is sent or
+received, the LabComm encoder or decoder will detect it and take action.
+
+The roles in setting up, and maintaining, the configuration of a channel are as follows:
+
+\paragraph{The application software} (or higher-level protocol) is required to
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item register all samples to be sent on a channel with the encoder
+\item register handlers for all samples to be received on a channel with the decoder
+\end{itemize}
+
+\paragraph{The transmitter (encoder)}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item ensures that the signature of a sample is transmitted on the channel before samples are
+ written to that channel
+\end{itemize}
+
+\paragraph{The receiver (decoder)}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item checks, for each signature, that the application has registered a handler for that sample type
+ \item if an unhandled signature is received, pauses the channel and informs the application
+\end{itemize}
+
+\section{The Labcomm language}
+
+The following examples do not cover the entire language
+specification (see appendix~\ref{language_grammar}), but might serve as a
+gentle introduction to the LabComm language.
+
+\subsection{Primitive types}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ sample boolean a_boolean;
+ sample byte a_byte;
+ sample short a_short;
+ sample int an_int;
+ sample long a_long;
+ sample float a_float;
+ sample double a_double;
+ sample string a_string;
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\subsection{Arrays}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ sample int fixed_array[3];
+ sample int variable_array[_]; // Note 1
+ sample int fixed_array_of_array[3][4]; // Note 2
+ sample int fixed_rectangular_array[3, 4]; // Note 2
+ sample int variable_array_of_array[_][_]; // Notes 1 & 2
+ sample int variable_rectangular_array[_, _]; // Notes 1 & 2
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item In contrast to C, LabComm supports both fixed and variable (denoted
+by \verb+_+) sized arrays.
+
+\item In contrast to Java, LabComm supports multidimensional arrays and not
+only arrays of arrays.
+
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsection{Structures}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ sample struct {
+ int an_int_field;
+ double a_double_field;
+ } a_struct;
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\section{User defined types}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ typedef struct {
+ int field_1;
+ byte field_2;
+ } user_type[_];
+ sample user_type a_user_type_instance;
+ sample user_type another_user_type_instance;
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\section{User actions}
+
+User actions (similar to ioctl()) allowing the application or a higher level
+protocol to communicate with the underlying transport layer through the LabComm
+encoder A special case of this is a specific action informing the underlying
+transport that a signature is being sent (to allow handshaking)
+
+
+\section{LabComm is not...}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item a protocol for two-way connections
+\item intrinsically supporting reliable communication
+\item providing semantic service-descriptions
+\end{itemize}
+
+But
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item it is suitable for the individual channels of a structured connection
+\item the user action mechanism allows using feature of different transport layers
+ through labcomm (i.e., it allows encapsulation of the transport layer)
+\item the names of samples can be chosen and mapped according to a suitable taxonomy or ontology
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+
+\section{Example and its encoding}
+
+With the following `example.lc` file:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+sample struct {
+ int sequence;
+ struct {
+ boolean last;
+ string data;
+ } line[_];
+} log_message;
+sample float data;
+\end{verbatim}
+
+and this \verb+example_encoder.c+ file
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <labcomm_fd_reader.h>
+#include <labcomm_fd_writer.h>
+#include "example.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+ int fd;
+ struct labcomm_encoder *encoder;
+ int i, j;
+
+ fd = open("example.encoded", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0644);
+ encoder = labcomm_encoder_new(labcomm_fd_writer, &fd);
+ labcomm_encoder_register_example_log_message(encoder);
+ labcomm_encoder_register_example_data(encoder);
+ for (i = 0 ; i < argc ; i++) {
+ example_log_message message;
+
+ message.sequence = i + 1;
+ message.line.n_0 = i;
+ message.line.a = malloc(message.line.n_0*sizeof(message.line));
+ for (j = 0 ; j < i ; j++) {
+ message.line.a[j].last = (j == message.line.n_0 - 1);
+ message.line.a[j].data = argv[j + 1];
+ }
+ labcomm_encode_example_log_message(encoder, &message);
+ free(message.line.a);
+ }
+ for (i = 0 ; i < argc ; i++) {
+ float f = i;
+ labcomm_encode_example_data(encoder, &f);
+ }
+}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Running \verb+./example_encoder one two+, will yield the following result in example.encoded:
+
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+00000000 02 40 0b 6c 6f 67 5f 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 11 02 |.@.log_message..|
+00000010 08 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 23 04 6c 69 6e 65 10 |.sequence#.line.|
+00000020 01 00 11 02 04 6c 61 73 74 20 04 64 61 74 61 27 |.....last .data'|
+00000030 02 41 04 64 61 74 61 25 40 00 00 00 01 00 40 00 |.A.data%@.....@.|
+00000040 00 00 02 01 01 03 6f 6e 65 40 00 00 00 03 02 00 |......one@......|
+00000050 03 6f 6e 65 01 03 74 77 6f 41 00 00 00 00 41 3f |.one..twoA....A?|
+00000060 80 00 00 41 40 00 00 00 |...A@...|
+00000068
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\section{Ideas/Discussion}:
+
+The labcomm language is more expressive than its target languages regarding data types.
+E.g., labcomm can declare both arrays of arrays and matries where Java only has arrays of arrays
+In the generated Java code, a labcomm matrix is implemented as an array of arrays.
+
+Another case (not yet included) is unsigned types, which Java doesn't have. If we include
+unsigned long in labcomm, that has a larger range of values than is possible to express using
+Java primitive types. However, it is unlikely that the entire range is actually used, so one
+way of supporting the common cases is to include run-time checks for overflow in the Java encoders
+and decoders.
+
+\appendix
+
+\section{The LabComm protocol}
+\label{sec:ProtocolGrammar}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+<packet> := ( <type_decl> | <sample_decl> | <sample_data> )*
+<type_decl> := 0x01 ''(packed)'' <user_id> <string> <type>
+<sample_decl> := 0x02 ''(packed)''<user_id> <string> <type>
+<user_id> := 0x60..0xffffffff ''(packed)''
+<string> := <string_length> <char>*
+<string_length> := 0x00..0xffffffff ''(packed)''
+<char> := any UTF-8 char
+<type> := ( <basic_type> | <user_id> | <array_decl> | <struct_decl> )
+<basic_type> := ( <boolean_type> | <byte_type> | <short_type> |
+ <integer_type> | <long_type> | <float_type> |
+ <double_type> | <string_type> )
+<boolean_type> := 0x20 ''(packed)''
+<byte_type> := 0x21 ''(packed)''
+<short_type> := 0x22 ''(packed)''
+<integer_type> := 0x23 ''(packed)''
+<long_type> := 0x24 ''(packed)''
+<float_type> := 0x25 ''(packed)''
+<double_type> := 0x26 ''(packed)''
+<string_type> := 0x27 ''(packed)''
+<array_decl> := 0x10 ''(packed)'' <number_of_indices> <indices> <type>
+<number_of_indices> := 0x00..0xffffffff ''(packed)''
+<indices> := ( <variable_index> | <fixed_index> )*
+<variable_index> := 0x00 ''(packed)''
+<fixed_index> := 0x01..0xffffffff ''(packed)''
+<struct_decl> := 0x11 ''(packed)'' <number_of_fields> <field>*
+<number_of_fields> := 0x00..0xffffffff ''(packed)''
+<field> := <string> <type>
+<sample_data> := <user_id> <packed_sample_data>
+<packed_sample_data> := is sent in network order, sizes are as follows:
+
+||Type ||Encoding/Size ||
+||---------------||------------------------------------------------------||
+||boolean || 8 bits ||
+||byte || 8 bits ||
+||short || 16 bits ||
+||integer || 32 bits ||
+||long || 64 bits ||
+||float || 32 bits ||
+||double || 64 bits ||
+||string || length ''(packed)'', followed by UTF8 encoded string ||
+||array || each variable index ''(packed)'', ||
+|| || followed by encoded elements ||
+||struct || concatenation of encoding of each element ||
+|| || in declaration order ||
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Type fields, user IDs, number of indices and lengths are sent in a packed, or
+variable length, form. An integer is sent as a sequence of bytes where the
+lower seven bits contain a chunk of the actual number and the high bit
+indicates if more chunks follow. The sequence of chunks are sent with the least
+significant chunk first. (The numbers encoded in this form are indicated above
+with \textit{(packed)}.)
+
+\end{document}